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Last Updated May 10, 2012

Northern Frontiers, Northern Homeland:

The Report of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry (1977) - Berger Report

 

Volume 2

 

Letter to the Minister

 

Part One: People: Social and Economic Concerns

 

1- Introduction: The Need for Balanced Development

• Two Philosophies
• Various Project Situations
• The past and the Future

 

2- Renewable Resources

• Inadequacies of Existing Data Bases
• Participation in the Traditional Economy
• The volume of Production
• The Value of Production
• Outputs and Trends in the Traditional economy
• Map and Tables
• Trends
• Output
• Comparison with Other Economic sectors
• Recommendations for Data Collection
• Potential for Renewable Resource Development
• Increasing Harvest levels
• Secondary Activities
• Implications for Employment and Income
• Problems in Developing Renewable Resource Sector
• Problems in Enterprise Level
• Problems Related to the Northern Economy as a Whole
• The Problem of Capital
• The Problem of Access
• Options for the Future

 

3- Employment and Manpower Delivery

• The demand for Northern Labour
• Labour Supply Considerations
• Manpower Delivery
• The Problem of In-migration
• Recommendations
• Residency Requirements
• Single Agency Referral System
• Functions and Establishment of the Manpower Delivery System
• Hiring Halls and In-migration
• Training
• Conditions of Employment
• Labour Pools
• Accommodations, Food and Recreation
• Security
• Work Schedules
• Rest and Recreation Leave
• Safety on the Job
• Conduct of Employees on the Job
• Money Management
• Women in the Work Force

 

4- Action Communities

• Consequences of Rapid Growth
• Pathology of Rapid Growth
• Physical and Financial Aspects of Growth
• Information, Planning and Impact Funding
• Specific Problem Areas
• Camps and Communities
• Community Energy Supply

 

5- Northern Business

• Definition of a Northern Resident Firm
• Bid Differential
• Regional Purchase of Goods and Services
• Tendering Procedures
• Bid Depository
• Labour Relations
• Information and Forecasting
• Skills of management and Enterprise
• Availability of Loan Capital
• Bonding
• Pipeline and Economic Problems

 

6- Transportation

• Project Logistics
• Existing and Proposed Public Facilities
• Facilities
• Community Airports
• Staging Sites in the Northwest Territories
• Roads Services
• Communications
• Telephone and business Communications

 

Part Two: Environment and Land

 

7- The Physical Environment

• Environmental Priorities
• Environmental Atlas
• Environmental Quality Index
• The Northern Landscape
• Sensitive Terrain
• Importance of Valleys
• Wetlands
• Aesthetic Values
• Cumulative Effects of Development
• Water
• Water Quality Standards
• Air
• Air Quality Objectives
• Noise
• Environmental Aspects of Noise
• The Environment and Project Noise
• Archaeological Sites

 

8- Wildlife

• Mammals
• Caribou and Reindeer
• White Whales
• Moose
• Foxes and Wolves
• Bears
• Birds
• Areas Important to Birds
• Rare or Endangered Species
• Raptors
• Waterfowl
• Wildlife Management and Research
• Northern Wildlife Management
• Wildlife Management and Pipeline Regulation
• Hunting and Access
• Wildlife research and Monitoring.

 

9- Fish

• Characteristics of Northern Fish
• Fish Protection
• Principles of Protection
• Suspended Sediment
• Barriers to Fish
• Underwater Blasting
• Monitoring of the Aquatic Environment
• Monitoring Guidelines
• Fisheries management
• Man’s Use of Fish
• Fisheries and the Pipeline Project

 

10- Northern Conservation Lands

• A Northern Conservation Startegy
• Proposals Made by the United States in Alaska
• Wilderness Protection
• National Parks
• Other Conservation Areas
• National Heritage Areas
• Conservation Areas of International Importance
• Wildlife Areas
• Recreation Areas
• Archaeological, Cultural and Historic Sites
• Native Claims Aspects
• Conclusion

 

Part Three: The Project

 

11- Location, Construction Plan and Scheduling

• Location
• Construction Plan and Scheduling

 

12- Geotechnical Considerations

• General Approach
• Frost heave and Thaw Settlement
• Prediction of Frost heave and Effectiveness of Preventive and Remedial Measures
• The Location of the Southern Limit of Refrigeration
• Confirmation of Design Assumptions During Construction
• Monitoring of Frost Heave After Construction
• Slope Stability
• Flow Slide Activity
• The Behaviour of Deep Seated landslides
• Effect of Interference of Subsurface Drainage
• Creep of Ice-rick Slopes
• Pipe Uplift Problems Unrelated to Freezing
• Design of Control Measures
• Design Modification During Construction
• Monitoring and Remedial Measures
• Buoyancy of Pipe Following Abandonment

 

13- Terrain Consideration

• Ground Surface Preparation
• Clearing
• The Forest: Resource, Habitat and Aesthetic Values
• Clearing procedures
• Snow Roads
• Scheduling and Sufficiency of Snow
• Overall Plan
• Site=specific Information
• Snow Road Guidelines
• Drainage and Erosion
• Surface Drainage and Erosion
• Subsurface Drainage
• Revegetation
• Forest Fire Prevention and Suppression
• Blasting
• Overall Plan
• Site-specific Information
• Blasting and Traditional Activities
• Blasting and Wildlife and Fish
• Borrow Operations
• Overall Plan
• Site-specific Application
• Guidelines for Borrow Operations

 

14- River and Stream Crossings

• Definitions
• Watercourses
• Fluvial Landforms
• Design Flow and Levels
• Design Criteria
• Location of Crossings
• Location of Sag Bends
• River training Works
• Groundwater Flow
• Overhead Crossings
• Buoyancy Control
• Construction
• Timing of Construction
• Installation of the Pipe
• Work Pads and Berms in Channel Zones
• Sedimentation
• Restoration of River Beds and banks
• Monitoring

 

15- Water Withdrawals

• Overall Plan
• Site-Specific Applications
• Design Guidelines
• Operating Considerations

 

16- Waste Management

• Waste Management Plans
• Overall Plan
• Site-specific Applications
• Wastewater
• The Application of Standards
• Effluent and Disposal Standards
• Sampling and Records
• Design Guidelines
• Solid Waste
• Waste Guidelines
• Hazardous and Toxic Wastes
• Procedures

 

17- Management of Fuels and Hazardous Substances

• The Limitation of Spill Control
• Risks to the Environment
• Implications
• A Management Plan
• Commitment to a Plan
• Overall Plan
• Site-specific Information
• Spill Prevention
• Design Guidelines for Spill Prevention
• Contingency Plan for Spill Control

 

18- Pipe Testing

 

19- Facilities Complexes and Equipment Operations

• Facilities Complexes Location and Design
• Overall Plan
• Site-specific Application
• Location and design Considerations
• Compressor and Related Noise
• Emissions from facilities
• Equipment Operations
• Road Vehicles
• Off-road Vehicles
• Barges

 

20- Aircraft Control

• Restraints on Aircraft Flights
• Measures to Limit Disturbance from Project-related Flights
• Measures to Limit Disturbance to Specific Species from Project-related Flights
• Control, Implementation and Enforcement
• Flight Control group
• Enforcement
• Company Plans for the Use of Aircraft
• Pilot Education
• Wildlife - Aircraft Impact Research

 

21- Project Regulation and Review

• The Nature of Regulation
• Principles of Regulation
• The Regulatory Agency
• The Company
• Review Processes
• Overall Project Review
• Design Review
• Impact Assessment Group

 

Part Four: Epilogue

 

22- Native Claims and Political Development in the Northwest Territories

 

Appendices

• The Inquiry Process
• Inquiry Documents
• Acknowledgements
• Terminology and Bibliography